. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Renal injury induced by chemical compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium fluoride (NaF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heavy metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Renal injury induced by chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium fluoride (NaF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heavy metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric nitrilotriacetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Final remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452 452 452 452 452 452 453 453 453 453 453 454 454Introduction History and cultivation of Curcuma longa Curcuma longa (turmeric or curcuma) is a rhizomatus monocotyledonous perennial herbaceous plant member in the ginger loved ones (Zingiberaceae), endemic and prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions like India, China and South East Asia. India is definitely the most significant producer, consumer and exporter of turmeric. Its Latin name Curcuma, is derived from the Arabic word, Kourkoum, the original name for saffron [16]. C. longa and its growth needs a hot, humid climate with temperatures involving 20 and 30 1C and good amounts of water [29]. Turmeric has extended been known as a spice, remedy and dye, and given that 1280, Marco Polo talked about turmeric in his travel about China and India. Inside the 13th century, Arabian merchants brought turmeric to the European market from India. In the course of the British settlement of India inside the 15th century, turmeric was combined with many other spices to form curry powder.Curcuminoids and curcumin Curcuma consists of 60?0 carbohydrate, eight.6 protein, five?0 fat, two? fiber, 3? curcuminoids (50?0 curcumin) and as much as 5 critical oils and resins.DL-dithiothreitol web The curcuminoid content in turmeric may possibly differ in between 2 and 9 , based on geographical conditions [29].6-Amino-2-bromo-3-methylbenzoic acid Data Sheet The composition of curcuminoids is approximately 70 curcumin (curcumin I), 17 demethoxycurcumin (curcumin II), three bis-demethoxycurcumin (curcumin III) plus the rest (ten ) is named cyclocurcumin (curcumin IV) [5,8,36] (Fig.PMID:35670838 1). Nonetheless, the last compound has been connected with poor or non-biological activity [61]. Probably the most active element of turmeric is curcumin [67]; Vogel 1st isolated it in 1815 [29]. Curcumin is definitely an orange?yellow crystalline powder virtually insoluble in water. The structure of curcumin (Fig. 1) was 1st described in 1910 by Lampe and Milobedeska and proved to be diferuloylmethane [29]. Research indicate that functional groups associated to curcumin chemical structure like bis-, nsaturated -diketone, two methoxy groups, two phenolic hydroxy groups and two double-conjugatedFig. 1. Chemical structures and abundance o.